2014 is the two important anniversary of the development of information technology. Forty-Five years ago (
October 29, 1969)
The first ARPAnet (
Later called Internet)
The University of California, Los Angeles and Sri Lanka have established links. Twenty-Five years ago (March 1989), Tim Berners-
Li distributed a proposal on the "grid (
Later known as the World Wide Web)
His management at the European nuclear research center
This schedule highlights the main (and some minor)
The evolution of twin flowers in these digital times, one (the Internet)
One network infrastructure, the other (the Web)
Software infrastructure layered on it.
So far, they have connected the world's third largest population and have made millions of people new consumers and new information creators.
This short history of the Internet and the Internet has produced three key themes or tensions: 1.
Centralization and
Devolution of resources and knowledge; 2. Applying a pre-
Classification of ideas for knowledge systemsself-
Organize through associated links; 3. One-
Mode consumption. two-
The way knowledge is consumed and created.
More generally, this is a battle between closed/proprietary and open/Universal Systems,
This will determine the future of the Internet and the Internet.
1728 fairyland Hall, London-
Maker has published an encyclopedia, or a general dictionary of art and science.
This is the earliest attempt to connect all the articles in the encyclopedia, or, more generally, all the components of human knowledge.
Chambers described his system of cross-cutting innovation in his preface.
Reference: "the former dictionary ographers have not tried a similar structure in their work;
It also does not seem to know that the dictionary can play the advantage of continuous discourse to some extent.
So we don't see a whole in what they do.
We strive to do this by considering several issues [i. e. , topics]
Not only absolute and independent, but also what they are;
But it's also relative, or because they respect each other.
They are all seen as so many whole, and so many parts of some larger whole;
The references point them . . . . . . Communication was opened between several parts of the work;
To some extent, these articles are replaced in the natural scientific order, where the technical or alphabetical articles have removed them.
"1910 Belgian lawyers and biboli scientists Paul Otlet and Henri La Fontaine propose a central repositioning of world knowledge organized by the General Decimal Classification.
Mundaneum will eventually accommodate more than 15 million index cards, 100,000 files and millions of images.
In 1934, Otlet fruther put forward his vision for the radiation Library, in which people all over the world call his "mechanical, collective brain" and1936H. G.
Wells first predicted the brain of the world.
Wells: "Everyone can, and probably get the whole human memory in a short time . . . . . . When any student, time is in sight, and anywhere in the world will be able to sit in his own study at his or her own convenience, check any books, any documents with exact duplicates.
"The world brain will become the central repository of world knowledge, organized by a complex classification system invented by Wells.
In July 1945, Vannevar Bush published "What we might think of" in which he envisioned "Memex", "a memory extension device, as a large repository of personal information, this information can be immediately retrieved through the Association link: "Human thinking . . . . . . Operate by association.
Mastering a project, it immediately captures the next project suggested by the thought Association, according to some of the complex trajectory networks carried by brain cells . . . . . . We are not good at recording, largely because of the human nature of the index system . . . . . . Select [i. e.
Information retrieval
By association, rather than index, it may be mechanized.
Mary Lee Berners, February 1951
Tim's mother, Lee, went to the University of Manchester to build the world's first commercially available general, Ferranti Mark 1.
Use of computers
Tim's father and mother, both working for Ferranti, continued to sell the 9 units of Mark 1 and his successor, a major success story at the time.
1957In movie set, when a "method Engineer "(Spencer Tracy)
Install the fictional computer EMERAC, Chief Librarian (
Hepburn)
She told her anxious colleagues in the research department: "They can't make machines to finish our work;
Too many crosses.
References in this place. ”March 1960 J. C. R.
In the imagination of human beings
"Computer symbiotic network [computers]
Through wide-
Band communication line]which provide]
Now features-
Expected progress in day libraries and information storage and retrieval and [other]
Symbiotic function.
In May 1960, Paul Baran published "reliable digital communication systems using unreliable network Repeater Nodes", the first of a series of papers proposing to design distributed networks using packet switching, to date, A method of transmitting all types of information over the Internet.
After a while, Donald Davis of the National Physics Laboratory of England (NPL)
The same idea was developed independently.
While Baran uses the word "message block" in his communication unit, Davis uses the word "packet.
In July 1961, Leonard Klein Locke published "information flow in large communication networks";
In December 1962, Kleinrock submitted a doctorate from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. D.
The paper, for what was later called the package, presents a mathematical theory
Exchange Network. October 1962 J. C. R.
Licklider becomes the director of the newly established Office of Information Processing Technology (IPTO)
Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects (ARPA).
He called his colleagues "members and affiliates of intergalactic computer networks ".
On August 16, 1964, Isaac Asimov wrote in The New York Times: "I. B. M.
Exhibition in [
1964 World Expo
. . . . . . Dedicated to computers, these computers are represented by their amazing complexity, especially in the task of translating Russian into English.
If the machine is so smart today, there may not be anything at work in 50 years?
It will be such a computer, greatly reduced, it will become the "brain" of the robot ". . . . . . Communication will turn into vision --
Voice, the person you will see and hear you calling.
The screen can be used not only to see the person you are calling, but also to study the documents, photos and read the paragraphs in the book.
1965 Ted Nelson defines the term hypertext and hypermedia as coins.
He later wrote in the literary machine: "So far, the word" hypermedia "is generally accepted by branches and responsive texts, but the corresponding word "hypermedia" means that the use of branches and movies and sounds and texts is much less.
1965 Larry Roberts and Thomas Merrill Lynch connect to Texas
Computer at Lincoln Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
32 computers in Santa Monica, California. 4 K bit/second dial
The telephone line created the first
Regional computer network.
In February 1966, Robert Taylor became the director of the Office of Information Processing Technology (IPTO).
He proposed ARPAnet to the boss, a network that connects different projects sponsored by ARPA.
Each project had its own dedicated terminal and unique set of user commands at that time.
In early 1967, at the ARPA lead investigator meeting in Ann Arbor, Michigan, ARPA Network Project Manager Larry Roberts, presented his idea of distributed ARPAnet rather than a centralized network managed by a single computer.
Roberts's suggestion is that all hosts will be connected directly as research computers and network routers, taking double responsibility, and the main investigators are unwilling to use valuable computing resources for network management, but it was not recognized by them.
After the meeting, Wesley Clark, a computer scientist at St. Washington University
Luis suggested to Roberts that the network is managed by the same small computer, each connected to the host.
Roberts accepted the idea of naming a small computer dedicated to network management as an "Interface Message Processor "(IMPs)
Later developed into today's router.
On April 1967, Andreas van Damm met Ted Nelson at the Spring Joint Computer Conference and learned about Nelson's hypertext ideas.
They began to develop a Hypertext Editing System (HES)
It was later used by NASA to create documents for the Apollo space program.
On October 1967, Larry Roberts introduced "multi-computer network and inter-computer communication" at the first ACM operating system principle seminar, in which he described the architecture of "ARPA Network, it is also believed that allowing scientists to explore data and programs that live in remote areas will reduce duplication of work and bring huge savings: "The network will promote the use of the 'community' of computers.
Collaborative programming will be stimulated, and in a specific field or discipline, by allowing geographically separated people to interact effectively with the system, it will be possible to achieve a "critical number" of talents ".
Another host at the meeting, Roger skantbury, told Roberts NPL about the work of Donald Davis and Rand's Paul Balaam.
Roberts put their package.
Upgrade the exchange ideas and proposed communication speeds used in ARPANET from 2.
Kbps kbps is from 6 to October.
On August 5, 1968, Donald Davis of the National Physics Laboratory of the United Kingdom (NPL)
Prototype package for the first public demonstration-
Exchange Network.
On August 1968, ARPA was an Interface Message Processor (IMP)
Awarded $140 contracts to 1 million companiesBBN)in December.
Demonstration online system of Doug Engelbart on December 9, 1968 (NLS)
, The first working prototype with complete functions and functions
User hypertext system;
Users of NLS can share and annotate documents and use hyperlinks to jump from place to place within or between documents.
At the end of 1968, Andries van Dam and other development Document Retrieval and Editing systems (FRESS).
FRESS users can insert tags anywhere in a text document and link the selection of tags to any other point in the same document or a different document.
In order for the program to run on different types of computers, the developer proposed virtual (software-based)
Input and output devices.
On April 7, 1969, Steve Crocker submitted RFC 1, the first "solicitation" to become the main mechanism for Internet cooperation and open development ".
The first BBN Interface Message Processor in September 2, 1969 (IMP)
First SDS Sigma with the University of California, Los Angeles-
7 Host, establish the first node of ARPAnet.
Leonard klinrock (
Stephen Segaller is quoted in nerd 2. 0. 1)
"We connect carefully and bits start to flow;
I don't know why these works really work;
By Wednesday morning, the information moved very well;
The rest is history.
Group Exchange was born.
The first news of October 29, 1969 ("Login")
Between the network node of UCL and the second network node of SRI is sent through ARPANET.
Leonard kleenlock: "At the end of the University of California, Los Angeles, they entered 'L' and asked [Sri Lanka [by phone]
If they do
The voice response is "received l ".
The University of California, Los Angeles, entered "o" and asked if they got it and received "got o ".
Then the University of California, Los Angeles, entered "g" and the damn system crashed!
A good start.
In the second try, it worked well!
"By the end of the year, four hosts were connected together and entered the original ARPANET.
BBN's 1971 bob Thomas created the first computer virus, an experimental self
Copy the program called Creeper, which copies itself to the computer connected to ARPANET and displays the message "I'm creeper, grab me if you can!
Michael Hart launched the Gutenberg Project in July 4, 1971 with the goal of making copyright
Free works are provided electronically by entering American textS.
The declaration of independence entered the University of Illinois mainframe he was using to create a 5 k file.
Years later, he recalled: "I had envisioned sending the declaration of independence to everyone online. . .
All 100. . .
This could have crashed the whole thing, but luckily Fred lank stopped me and we just posted a notice on the website that will later become comp. gen.
I think there were about 6 of the 100 users downloaded at that time.
BBN's 19 71 ray Tomlinson wrote the code for the Web email and sent the first email via ARPANET.
Tomlinson: "I use the at flag to indicate that the user is" on "other hosts, not locally.
The first message was sent between two machines side by side.
Their only physical connection (
Except for the floor they sit on)
Is through ARPANET.
In 1973, a year after the introduction of online e-mail to the ARPANET community, a study by ARPA found that
Traffic on ARPANET consists of email.
International Conference on Computer Communications, October 1972 (ICCC)
Organized by BBN under the guidance of Bob Kahn, ARPANET was publicly presented for the first time.
As Bob Metcalfe recalled, most of the attendees accepted the presentation with enthusiasm, but not all of them accepted it with enthusiasm: "They gave me the escort of ten AT&T
Around the president.
So I'm demonstrating this system, this is the only time in the whole show, hint [
Terminal Interface Processor, IMP's successor]crashed. . .
We have re-established our contacts and have never been interrupted.
But it was a very enlightening moment for me because when I looked up they were happy it crashed.
They did not hide their happiness.
Because this confirms for them that the circuit exchange score group exchange is better and more reliable, the packet exchange is unstable and will never work.
"On September 1973, at a meeting of the International Network Working Group (INWG)
At the University of Sussex, Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf present their work to connect ARPANET and other existing networks using the universal network protocol.
They later released a description called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
In the IEEE Communication technology transaction in the May 1, 1974 issue (
[A Protocol for Packet Network Communication].
Shortly thereafter, DARPA funded three independent implementation of the TCP/IP protocol at Stanford University (Vint Cerf), BBN (Ray Tomlinson)
University College London (Peter Kirstein).
On January 1, 1983, all hosts in ARPANET switched to TCP/IP.
19. 75 John Brunner's novel, The Shock Wave Knight, first used the word "worm" to describe programs that spread through a computer network.
The protagonist designed and set up a data
Collect worms in retaliation for the strong people who run the National Electronic Information Network, which leads to massive integration: "You have the largest --
Once the worm is loose in the network, it automatically destroys any attempt to monitor it. . .
Never a bug with a hard head or a long tail!
Tim Berners
Lee wrote ENQUIRE, a program that records connections between people, computers and the CERN project. Berners-
Lee is Weaving the Web: "When I first started patching a software program that eventually produced the idea of the World Wide Web, I named it Enquire, an old book of moldy Victorian advice, I noticed when I was a child at my parents' home outside London.
The title of the book is suggestive magic, a gateway to the world of information, from how to remove stains on clothes to investment tips. ”Berners-
Li did not notice that the wicorion Wikipedia also answered a still-
Burning question: "27,600 spiders are needed to produce 1 pound. of Web.
1981 in the social framework of the Information Society "(in T. Forester (ed. )
(Electronic Revolution)
Daniel Bell wrote: "H. G.
In his vision of the future, Wells proposed a "World Brain ", like a huge computer that brings together all organized scientific knowledge, it misunderstands how the brain works, which makes sociological assumptions wrong that some central knowledge systems can be more dispersed than others, self
The organizational system of the requirements specifies the organizational and market response to the user's needs.
On September 1983, a survey by the Louis Harris Association showed that 10% of the United StatesS.
Adults have a home computer, 14% of whom send and receive information using a modem.
The resulting estimate is 1. 4% of U. S.
In 1983, the Internet was used by adults.
RFC 882, November 1983, describing the domain name system (DNS)
Paul Mockapetris was invented at the University of California, Irvine.
Increase in the number of independent management networks (mostly Local-Area Networks)
This means maintaining a table with a host name (
Hosts are assigned names, so it is not necessary to remember their digital addresses)
No longer feasible, there is a need to establish a hierarchical distributed naming system for computers, services, or any resources connected to the Internet, about 1985 of the "electronic links" of the entire Earth "(WELL)
One of the first "virtual communities.
"WELL shows the first user a disclaimer of your own words.
Yoyoyow strives to achieve the goal of attracting interesting people to talk to each other online while holding them accountable for their words and ideas.
In February 1985, in episode 20, episode 6 of TV sitcom Benson, the main character went to the bomb depot to prepare for the nuclear attack.
The scene that ARPANET was visited was the first time that a popular TV show directly referenced to the network appeared.
The first commercial Internet domain name in March 15, 1985, symbolics.
Com, registered by Symbolics Inc.
A computer company located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1987 first Hypertext Conference, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
The challenges highlighted by Andries van Dam in his keynote address included the lack of standards and scalability, as well as the need for better navigation tools and new ways of designing and displaying information.
1987 Apple released Hypercard, a hypertext application released with Apple's Macintosh computer.
In September 1988, the first Interop trade show brought together 50 internet suppliers and 5,000 users, showing the growing maturity of Internet technology.
In November 2, 1988, Robert Tapan Morris, a graduate student in computer science at Cornell University, released something called the Morris worm, which was considered the first Internet worm to disrupt a large number of computers, estimated to be 1 out of 10 of all those connected to the internet at that time.
Morris became the first person to be tried and convicted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
Morris continued to cooperate.
Yahoo and startup investors, accelerator Y Combinator, found a Web startup in 1998.
Today, he is a professor of computer science at MIT.
Tim Berners, March 1989
Lee wrote "Information Management: A Proposal" and distributed it at CERN. Berners-
Li said in weaving the network: "I am very happy to get rid of the shackles of the hierarchical document system . . . . . . .
By being able to reference everything equally easily, the network can also represent associations between things that seem unrelated but do share relationships for some reason.
This is something the brain can do easily and spontaneously.
. . . . . . The research community uses links between paper documents of different ages: content tables, indexes, bibliography and reference chapters . . . . . . On the internet . . . . . . Scientists can get rid of the sequential organization of each paper and book, and choose a reference path that is in their own interests.
The first internet search engine 1990 Archie was developed by Alan ematage of McGill University.
Tim Berners, October 1990
Lee began writing code for a client program on his new NeXT computer, a browser/editor he called WorldWideWeb.
The first website in December 1990, nxoc01. cern. ch, goes live.
The Spring 1991 Gopher agreement was released by the University of Minnesota team led by Mark McCahill, which aims to distribute, search and retrieve documents over the Internet.
Tim Berners, August 1991
Lee posted code for the World Wide Web on the Internet.
Later, when weaving the network, he wrote: "Since then, people interested in the Internet have provided feedback, incentives, ideas, sources --
Code contributions and moral support . . . . . . The Internet people have built the network in a true grassroots way.
On December 12, 1991, the first website in the United States was launched, where the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory is located.
In September 1992 Ed Krol released the entire Internet User Guide and Directory, the first popular Internet Guide, O'Reilly and associ's first millionBest seller.
The section devoted to the World Wide Web begins with the "World Wide Web", the latest information service on the Internet.
The network is based on a technology called hypertext . . . . . . While physicists may have paid for its initial development, it is one of the most flexible tools --
Probably the most flexible tool.
Sneak on the Internet.
Like Gopher and WAIS, the Web is under development, maybe more.
So don't be surprised if it doesn't work as you would like to occasionally.
Of course it's worth a play.
In the second edition, published in April 1994, the last sentence was changed to "the network and its tools are still under development . . . . . . They certainly deserve a play, and it may become the main way to access the Internet in the next few years.
In an article published in the Wilson Library Gazette on June 1992, Jean Polly made money for the word "online", a monthly magazine for librarians.
Tim Berners, July 1992
Lee posted the first photo uploaded to the Web showing all
Les horricernettes, a popular female spoof group (LHC)
Composed of four of his colleagues at the European nuclear research center.
Mark Anderson announced version 0 on January 23, 1993.
5 of the ncsa x Mosaic web browser, which he developed with Eric Bina at the national supercomputing application center of the University of Illinois at UrbanaChampaign.
Andreessen will continue to cooperate.
Mosaic communication (
Later, the network view communication)
The first version of the Netscape Navigator browser was released on November 1994.
A year later, it has 90% markets, the 1993 University of Minnesota, decided that it will charge license fees for users of Gopher in certain categories, effectively eliminating the world wide web of major competitors.
On April 30, 1993, CERN announced the Web protocol and code free of charge to all users.
On May 1993, O'Reilly Digital Media Group launched a Global Network Navigator (GNN)
This is the first commercial site to offer clickable advertising.
O'Reilly and Associates held their first WWW Wizards seminar in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on July 1993.
In November 1993, the camera of the Trojan Horse coffee pot in the computer lab of Cambridge University was connected to the network and became the first webcam.
In the past few years, some people who are connected have become a world --
By 1996, 1 million clicks were displayed wide.
On December 8, 1993, in an article about Mosaic (
He called it "a map of buried treasures in the Information Age ")
John Mark of the New York Times quoted Tim Berners as saying
Li: "The network has fundamentally changed the way information is obtained through the internet . . . . . . It's like the difference between the brain and the brain . . . . . . Explore the internet and you will find cables and computers.
You can find information by browsing the web.
"In the summer of 1994, a Pizza Hut's large Italian sausage, mushroom and extra cheese pizza was ordered online, which could be the first deal online.
Memorandum of April 28, 1994 (on paper)
The statement distributed to NPR's staff is "NPR is about to launch the internet!
And claim, "This is a long-awaited good news for some;
This does not mean anything to others.
On May 25, 1994, the First World Wide Web Conference opened at CERN.
October 1, 1994 world wide web Union was established.
In October 1994, HotWiredis was the first website to sell banner ads in large quantities to various major enterprise advertisers.
On August 9, 1995, Netscape shares soared to $75 on the first day of trading, higher than the $28 issue price (
Doubled from $14 last minute).
At that time, it was unusual for a company to go public before making a profit.
The Wall Street Journal wrote: "It took a long time for General Dynamics.
It's been 43 years since I became a company worth $2 today. 7 billion.
Netscape Communications took about a minute.
"The IPO of Netscape is known in the media as the birth of the Internet and even the Internet.
This is undoubtedly the birth of something called "point"com bubble.
In October 1995, the Pew Research Center found that 14% of AmericansS.
Now, most adults who use dial-up Internet access
But only 3% of online users have logged into the World Wide Web. 42% of U. S.
The Internet has never been heard of by adults, and the other 21% know it has something to do with computers.
1996 Brewster Calle established an internet archive to preserve and provide access to almost every website on the Internet and later developed into a comprehensive digital library.
Calle later told Newsweek: "The Internet is the medium for people.
The publisher will not refuse you.
We have voices from 5 million to 15 million people.
Nokia 1996 released the Nokia 9000 Communicator, the first mobile phone with a web browser.
1996 77% of online users send or receive emails
Emails are sent every few weeks, up from 65% in 1995.
Ethan zukman created the first pop music in autumn 1996up ad.
In 2014, he will apologize for "The original sin of the Internet": "[business]
Model [Tripod. com]
The acquisition is to analyze the user's personal homepage so that we can better target their ads. . .
Up ad. . . Is a way to associate an ad with a user page without placing the ad directly on the page, and advertisers are concerned that this means an association between their brand and the content of the page.
Specifically, when a big car company was afraid that they had bought a banner ad on the page celebrating anal sex, we came up with the idea.
I wrote the code to start the window and run the ad in it. I’m sorry.
Our intention is good.
In December 17, 1997, Jorn Barger created the word "Web Blog.
The short form "blog" was created by Peter Merholz, who jokingly divided the word "blog" into "our blog" in his blog Peterme sidebar"com in 1999.
Shortly thereafter, Evan Williams of the pila lab used the "blog" as a noun and verb (
"Blog", meaning "edit personal blog or post personal blog ")
And used the word "blog" in Pyra labs's blog product.
1998 the first Google index has 26 million web pages.
In February 15, 1998, "Oh, so they're on the Internet now? ”—
Google's web index reached-billion mark.
2000 78% of Internet users download music files saved by musicdon stealingto a computer hard drive.
Tim Berners, May 2001
Lee, James henler and Ola lacila published the semantic web in Scientific American: "Devolution requires compromise: the network must abandon the full consistency of all the interconnect ushered in the infamous message "Error 404: Not Found", but allowed unchecked exponential growth.
In March 2007 Estonia became the first country in the world to vote online in parliamentary elections.
On April 2007, 36% of American online adults consulted Wikipedia.
In June 2008, Google's web index was indexed by-
Trillions of unique URLs
In April 2012, the Internet Association created the Internet Hall of Fameto to celebrate "the history of the Internet and those individuals who have made extraordinary contributions to the Internet, as well as the availability and use of the internet worldwide, its transformative nature is possible.
December 2012 e-commerce
Global business sales topped $1 trillion for the first time.
45% of Internet users under the age of February 18, 2014
In serious relationships, the Internet has an impact on their relationships.
In the summer of 2014, 3 billion Internet users worldwide.
In November 2014, only 23% of respondents in the pew online survey knew that "the Internet" and "The World Wide Web" did not mention the same thing.