Before Father's Day arrives, let's take a moment to sort out the similarities and differences between "dad jeans" and "dad genes.
"Dad jeans" is a sex product.
Specific casual clothing that has long been ridiculed for comfort, short weight and flexibility
As a fashion trend, it has recently been re-invented to suit the male body of all shapes and ages.
"Dad gene" is a sexual particle --
The specific Y chromosome, which has long been ridiculed as a large number of useless nuclear waste, has recently been found to be the fastest friend of human beings.
Yes, dear father and others born are usually designated as male.
We live in an exciting time, which includes new insights into the only chromosome difference between you and the woman who is now hovering in the hardware store.
("Didn't he say he could use a new bow saw or some halogen lights ? ") New evidence suggests that the Y chromosome is involved in a series of basic, general
Tasks of sexual interest in men, such as blocking cancer growth, keeping arteries open, and preventing the formation of starch-like plaques in the brain.
As men grow older, their blood and other body cells begin to spontaneously discard copies of the Y chromosome, sometimes quickly and sometimes slowly.
This unfortunate chromosome shedding behavior seems to increase the risk of men suffering from Alzheimer's disease, leukemia, and other diseases.
"I'm pretty sure," said Lars Falberg, associate professor of medical genetics at the University of Uppsala in Sweden, "Y chromosomes are lost as they grow older, which explains how compared to women, A large part of the increase in male mortality.
"Other researchers are tracking the evolution of the Y chromosome and will compare the versions found in modern men with our close relatives, whether alive or extinct.
Take-out A: We can get that guy-equals-
Cartoon of Cave Man
Although human DNA has been found to contain traces of our association with the Neanderthals since about 50,000 years ago, there is no such genomic imprint on the human Y chromosome.
On the surface, certain specific features of the Y chromosome of the Neanderthals are ultimately shown to be harmful to human health and survival, and therefore, any trace of the Y chromosome of the Neanderthals is popped up from the human gene pool like a poorly matched kidney.
The analogy of the immune system may be particularly appropriate.
Geneticist Fernando Mendes and Stanford University colleague Carlos boustamant reported that a significant difference between the Y chromosome of the man and the niande is the gene associated with transplant rejection
No matter what is the reason for the purification of human Y over time, the female equivalent X chromosome does not seem to have been purified by the same, as a result, the average Neanderthals of women may be a little more than men.
Yes, but wear gorilla clothes.
From the perspective of the global genome, our closest relatives are chimpanzees, followed by gorillas.
However, when it comes to the Y chromosome, humans look much more than Bonzo.
Kateryna Makova, director of the Medical Genomics Center at Penn State University, and her colleagues have recently determined that if you pair a person's Y chromosome with the Y chromosome of a chimpanzee, only about 70% of the two spans will stick together.
Align the human Y with the gorilla Y and 83% of the paired chromosomes will be comfortably combined.
Looking at the nine different genes that have been identified on the human Y chromosome, Makova said, "eight of them share with gorillas, while there are only six gene families shared with chimpanzees.
Very surprising.
"The pattern observed may be the result of mating practice, the researchers suggest.
In gorillas, fertile females usually mate with a male at a time.
Local silverback.
Most of the women are single wives, but there is no doubt.
In contrast, female chimpanzees mate wildly and randomly during each ovulation cycle.
In general, female promiscuity promotes sperm competition between men, Makova said, because the Y chromosome supervises sperm production, so the chimpanzee Y may evolve at a very fast speed to keep up with it.
David Page of the Whitehead Institute in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the world authority for male sex chromosomes, most likely referred to as the Y man, and I believe that both Y and X "should have a complete novel for everyone.
"Whether in double
Specifies the X format of the female fetus, or the X and Y pairs found in men, and the sex chromosome is separated from the other 22 pairs of normal chromosomes or homologous bodies, which constitute a complete human genome, and is filled into almost every nucleus of the body.
The tendency of this molecular instability leads to the initial name of the female chromosome "X" for strange or unknown chromosomes;
Y is simply named the next letter in the alphabet.
The Y chromosome is a real chromosome abnormality that contains a small fraction of the number of genes found on all other chromosomes, including X.
Its genetic poverty is a legacy of its role in gender decisions. Among our pre-
The sex of a mammal ancestor, offspring, is determined by the sex of a crocodile and a turtle: not by genes, but by temperature.
In turtles, if an egg develops under warm conditions, the embryo becomes female.
If it is cold outside, the embryo will become male.
However, with the rise of internal pregnancy and uniform weather conditions, embryo development requires another clue.
This demand led to the evolution of the male sex-determined genes called sry, as well as the associated need to maintain isolation of genetic procedures between men and women.
Therefore, the Y chromosome where sry is located can no longer be freely reorganized, exchanging its fragments with its corresponding X chromosome, just like other chromosome pairs, whenever a new egg or sperm cell is created, they update things.
Due to the lack of a standard repair system for chromosome restructuring, genes on the Y chromosome began to rot and were eventually thrown away or redistributed to other chromosomes.
"The establishment of 'trade barriers allows X and Y to follow different paths," Page said . ".
"During the spawning process, the X chromosome may continue to be reorganized with another X chromosome, but the Y chromosome follows the isolation strategy, which leads to a rapid decline in it.
"This is not complete isolationism: the tip of the X and Y chromosomes can still exchange fragments, but most of the Y is forbidden to cross
Chromosome exchange and correction.
"There is an amazing loneliness on the Y chromosome," said George Vasiliou of Wellcombe Trust sangge Institute and the University of Cambridge.
Nevertheless, Y still has the authority to disclose.
After speculation in the 1990 s, the Y chromosome is still shrinking and may disappear completely one day --
Leaving who knows its wake-up decision agreement-
Scientists now believe that the loss of chromosomes is over.
"It's dynamic, but it's stable," said Melissa Wilson Serez, who studies sex chromosomes at Arizona State University . ".
"It may lose one or two genes, but it may also get a sequence.
This is not a dead end.
In addition, new studies have shown that Y chromosomes can solve some internal problems without free trade and X-recombination
By moving duplicate copies of genes around in your own lonely time.
Y also contains many genes that have not yet been fully understood or understood.
Vassiliou and his colleagues are in Y-
Specific genes called UT-
Y can prevent leukemia in mice and may have similar effects in men.
Chromosomes are more generally committed to the health and persistence of their carriers.
On January, Forsberg of Uppsala University and his colleague Dumanski published a series of papers on the phenomenon of LOY. of-
In this case, male blood and other cells mysteriously fall off the Y chromosome as they grow older.
The researchers found that smoking accelerated the depletion of the Y chromosome in male blood cells.
Male with high Y ratiofree cells —
10% and above
Compared to men of the same age, they are at a higher risk of dying in the near future, and their cells hang on their Y.
Men with Alzheimer's disease are more likely to be LOY than their non-men.
Crazy team
The researchers suggested that the weakening of the immune system may explain many of the dangers of LOY.
Dumanski said that when white blood cells as immune sentries lose the Y chromosome, their monitoring skills will be shaken.
They were unable to clean up the mess on the walls of the arteries and to find cancer cells that needed to be destroyed.
They allow the brain to accumulate patches and tangles.
Dumanski admits that the relationship between Y's loss and disease has not yet been proven exactly, and there is still a lot to be understood about what causes chromosome loss in blood cells and how to stop it.
"It's still too early, and there are still a lot of people who are skeptical," he said . ".
"It will take a few years for this idea to be widely accepted, but we are very confident that we are right.
When he laughed
Admit your own extremes.
Confidence is likely to be the result of the Y chromosome making him a man.