Abstract objective: it is assumed that hp infection may pass through sexual transmission using the human female vagina as a reservoir for transmission.
Methods: literature search was conducted using Medline, Embase, bio-summary, and current content (
January 1983-August 2000).
Use relevant keywords and do additional manual searches using the reference list for the selected article to retrieve other papers related to the topic.
Conclusion: hp infection can be sexually transmitted through the vagina as a potential temporary/permanent reservoir under appropriate environmental conditions.
Hp is the main cause of chronic diseases and ulcers. A recent meta-
Analysis of the study showed that infection was also associated with an increased double risk of developing gastric cancer.
Hp infection is also associated with some out-of-stomach infections.
2 The route of transmission of hp infection has been widely assumed, but the exact pattern (s)
The transmission is still unknown.
At present, several modes of transmission have been assumed, including oral administration. oral, faecal-
Oral, hospital-like, fomite and carrier transmission, but there is no clear route of transmission (s)
Not sure yet.
In addition to the human stomach, the potential host of hp includes feces, cheeks, saliva, and plaque.
Animals, vomit, water and food are also candidates.
When trying to determine the possible route of transmission of this particular organism, these potential reservoirs are clearly important.
Many comments have been made to study the possible route of transmission and host of hp.
However, no published papers examined the possibility of vaginal sexual transmission.
The purpose of this paper is to specifically assume that hp may be transmitted through sexual behavior and that the vagina may be used as a reservoir.
Suppose I want to assume that hp infection can be sexually transmitted through the vagina as a potential temporary/permanent reservoir under certain environmental conditions.
Epidemiology evidence the natural acquisition of hp infection appears to occur primarily in childhood and is associated with low socio-economic status and poor hygiene. Faecal-
Oral communication may play an important role in this acquisition.
However, the pattern of transmission between young people and couples who continue to infect remains to be clarified, although the infection rate is low even if the level of knowledge and hygiene is improved.
The possibility of sexual transmission through the vagina in adults can lead to low interest rates to some extent.
Previous data suggest that sexual behavior may be important in the transmission of H. hp.
Most of these studies are concentrated in oro-
Anal transmission between gay men.
Serum price studies show that in couples living with partners infected with hp, non-
The risk of infection in infected people is increased.
Studies have shown that the prevalence among couples with or without hp infection is statistically significant (83. 3% v 28. 5%)respectively.
10. 11 race may also be an important predictor of sexually transmitted H. hp infection.
Some studies have shown that the highest rate of sexually transmitted infections among ethnic minorities (
Native Australian, Africa-
American, Hispanic, etc. . . ).
The high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections is closely related to the high prevalence of hp in these ethnic groups.
5. 13 it must also be remembered that there are differences in vaginal flora between different races.
This may be partly due to changes in vaginal flora due to genetic or behavioral differences. Sexual mixing (
That is, the mixed partners between ethnic groups)
It may increase the chances of spreading H. hp among partners from high-prevalence ethnic groups (
African-Americans, for example)
For ethnic groups with low prevalence (European-American).
Molecular studies have demonstrated H. hp transmission between spouses.
Schutze et al. found that reinfection was caused by the same hp strain and identified the patient's spouse as a carrier of the same strain.
This was supported by other studies.
In addition, it has been shown that multiple hp strains may infect the same individual.
If hp is present in the vagina, vertical transmission may also occur at birth.
The study shows that the prevalence of hp in pregnant women is about 20%.
19, 20 in a case report, H. hp was isolated from newborns with frequent vomiting, weight loss and lactation difficulties 6 days after birth.
21 Furthermore, according to the hypothesis of contamination, cases of ulcer othritis and gastric minodular gastritis were found to be surprising in such a short period of time after birth.
May this newborn be infected in the uterus?
The question remains, why when so many vaginal swab cultures were carried out on microorganisms like Neisseria, no screw bacteria were found from a female vagina?
One of the reasons may be that due to the picky nature of the screw bacteria, it is difficult to grow in the culture and does not use the correct culture techniques to grow it.
In order to achieve optimal growth, the organism needs a micro-aerobic environment (5–7% oxygen);
Selective Media (
Although it can grow on most types of media);
The temperature is between 33 °C and 40 °C;
98-100% humidity, incubated for 2-7 days.
The second reason may be that in conventional laboratories, the microbiology is looking for certain organisms based on the clinical information provided rather than the "one-time" organisms, they are likely to think that these organisms are "contaminated" or "have no clinical significance ".
"There are very few studies in preliminary experimental studies that try to separate hp from the vagina.
Earlier attempts had negative results.
Recently, 23, 24, de-
Argila et al. 25 conducted a study in an attempt to detect hp in vaginal secretions by vaginal brushing and using a PCR reaction (PCR)
Culture and Gram staining.
However, the diagnostic method used failed to detect hp.
This may be because the test time may be important and the sampling method used may not be sufficient.
To determine if any research has been done on hp and sexually transmitted, I have conducted extensive literature searches using major electronic databases, including Medline, Embase, bio-abstracts, and current content (
January 1983-August 2000).
Keywords for search include hp (
B. campyus and B. campyus)
Sexually transmitted diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, sex workers, prostitutes, vagina, Micro
Biology and epidemiology
Additional manual searches were performed using the reference list in the selected article to retrieve other papers related to the topic.
I found that no research has been done to determine whether the prevalence of hp infection among female sex workers has increased compared to the general population.
This will be an important population to assess hp's sexual transmission.
However, a year ago, Warren and Marshall published a case report on "spiral bacteria in the stomach", which may have found screw bacteria associated with vaginitis in the female vagina.
Comma found in Article report-shaped rods (
1-4 μm in length)
, Features spiral motion between four to eight whip ellae.
26 Some organisms were cultured under micro-aerobic conditions and cultured at 37 °c for 72 hours.
The biochemical features of these unknown organisms are well matched with the biochemical features of hp, although no definitive tests, such as urea activity, were performed.
Could this unknown creature be a screw bacteria?
Hp in vaginal nicheH hp usually lives in the human stomach and has a unique ability to survive in extremely acidic conditions.
Can Hp exist in such a small environment so that it can live in other acidic environments?
The acidity of the vagina may provide sufficient environment for the survival of hp.
Assuming that the acidic environment is sufficient for hp, the length of the colonization may be lifelong;
However, this may depend on other vaginal flora (
And sexually transmitted diseases)
And how they interact with hp, and physical clearance of organisms during menstruation.
This is incorrect considering that hp does not grow in the vagina because it is not a micro-aerobic environment.
The vagina supports the growth of many micro-aerobic organisms as normal flora and pathological processes (
L. lactic acid, drop-off insects, put-on bacteria israelii).
Other factors that may affect hp sexually transmitted may include the coexistence of specific sexual behaviors or other sexually transmitted diseases (
Will damage the normal integrity of the skin and mucosa, local aggregation, and systemic stimulation of lymphocytes).
In addition, the possibility of other infectious and nutritional conditions of coexistence (
Improve the infectious, shorten the interval or production time).
The symbiotic relationship between Hp and yeastSiavoshi et al shows that hp has a unique symbiotic relationship with yeast, which can protect hp from adverse environmental conditions.
H. hp penetrates yeast and resides in bubbles that can survive at high temperatures (
100 °C for 15 minutes), dehydration (
37 °c for 3 months)
, Chloride (2 ppm).
This symbiotic relationship may extend hp's viability and play an important role in sexual transmission.
It should also be remembered that, due to the general distribution of yeast, it also represents a large part of the normal flora of the human female vagina and external genitals.
31, 32 studies show the prevalence of yeast and/or white rosary in normal vagina in healthy, non-healthy women
Pregnant women are between 5% and 30%.
33 yeast species are also normal bacteria isolated from the human mouth, 75% of the yeast found in the mouth is white rosary, and the rest is made up of other white rosary beads.
34 The role of yeast as a carrier for the transmission of hp may be an important role, as vulvovaginal Candida is a common disease, 10-20% of women have no symptoms of yeast infection
35 in addition, bacterial vaginal diseases affect 25-35% of adult women and 50% of lesbians (
He may be a high-risk group, and some studies have shown that bacterial vaginal diseases can easily occur between lesbians).
36, 37 further studies are required to clarify the mechanism of transmission between lesbians and determine whether any of the screw bacteria play a role in bacterial vaginal diseases.
During sexual activities such as oro-proposed modes of transmission to female genitals will occurgenital sex.
Because hp has been found and cultivated from saliva and mouth, it is possible for hp to spread from infected to non-infected
A person infected by kissing or other sexual behavior.
38, 39 Namavar et al detected hp from saliva, tongue, taste and cheeks.
Under normal circumstances, hp settled on the column-like epithelial of the stomach, but if hp can survive on the squamous epithelial of the mouth, is it possible that it also exists in the vaginal squamous epithelial?
Cervical eversion such as anatomical changes (
Column epithelial on Exocervix)
It may increase the possibility of hp colonization.
40 Fisk and Riley41 have developed a common oral bacteria (
Group A beta decomposing s)
Spread during oral sex that leads to pathology.
Some people may carry hp permanently in the mouth, which may become a reservoir for future re-infection.
There are conflicting studies on the importance of oral cavity in the transmission of hp infection.
Hp may then colonize or fake the vagina (
Hp may not be necessary to attach to vaginal epithelial cells);
However, it may survive in the moist mucus that surrounds the vaginal space.
It can be transmitted without penetrating sexual intercourse.
Previous studies focused on the possibility of transmission due to permeability.
However, for those who engage in sex more frequently, the time for hp to survive in the vagina may vary (
Female sex workers, for example);
Even if hp is not feasible for a long time, the risk of spreading is greater.
The dose of natural infection of Hp is unknown;
However, according to the epidemiology of other gut organisms, this suggests that the infection dose of hp is small.
43. In addition, the infection dose provides a deeper understanding of the transmission mechanism, so if the infection dose of hp is small, this will indicate transmission through person to person.
Because of the anatomical structure of the female genitals and the proximity to the anus, one must also consider the possibility of "red herring", in which case, the screw bacteria in the feces can be transmitted by hand in contact with the genital area or during the "wipe" after the stool is cleared.
Possible methods of sexual transmission of screw bacteriaanal (rimming)Oro-
Direct transmission of genitals (cunnilingus)Oro-
Genital, indirect transmission (
Oral sex after sexual intercourse)Oro-oral, kissing (erotic)Masturbation (
Lubricant with infected saliva)Fomites (sex toys).
Once the organism has established a niche in the vagina, it may again spread from the vagina to the non-vaginal mouth
A male or female infected during oral or sexual intercourse and subsequently may have oral sex with that partner.
The potential pathways are only as diverse as one person's sexual behavior.
Due to the increase in the world population, especially the increase in young groups, the increase in travel, the mix of population and changes in social values and the increase in promiscuity, in the past 40 years, the number of sexually transmitted diseases has increased at an astronomical rate.
44 future research if hp can exist in a small environment like female genitals, does biological experience produce any pathology?
Does infection produce pathology similar to that of infected stomach?
Is that ulcer shrinking cancer?
How will we diagnose and treat these cases?
Further research is needed to determine the exact mechanism by which hp may spread.
If female genitals may be a possible and credible repository for hp, then these studies will focus on individuals who are more sexually active and more likely to have multiple partners.
In addition, appropriate sample size and appropriate sampling methods should be adopted.
Thanks to Professor Nicholas J. Tarley, Dr. Harry H.
Dr. Xxia and Dr. Harold Luke's comments on the manuscript, Dr. Lisa Jane Young assisted in the literature search and collection of published articles.
I would also like to thank Dr. Alan Black Jr. for providing scientific information and published articles on yeast infection, and Dr. Jeff Griffin for providing protocol and culture techniques for separating vaginal organisms.
Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Tong Liang for his encouragement and support in writing this article.
Conflict of interest: No. Funding: None.
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